Reports
Chapter 1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Size and Forecast, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
1.2. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Snapshot, by Segmentation
1.3. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Snapshot, by Region
1.4. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Snapshot, by Manufacturers
Chapter 2. Research Methodology
2.1. Research Approach
2.2. Scope, Definition, and Assumptions
2.3. Data Sources
2.3.1.Secondary Sources
2.3.1.1. Preliminary Data Mining
2.3.2.Primary Sources
2.3.2.1. Statistical Model
2.3.2.2. Data Triangulation
2.3.2.3. Research Objective
Chapter 3. Market Outlook
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Key Trends
3.2.1.Type Trends
3.2.2.Pressure Range Trends
3.2.3.End-Use Industry Trends
3.2.4.Application Trends
3.3. Market Dynamics
3.3.1.Market Drivers
3.3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
3.3.2.Market Restraints
3.3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
3.3.3.Market Opportunities
3.3.3.1. Impact Analysis of Market Opportunities
3.3.4.Market Challenges
3.3.4.1. Impact Analysis of Market Challenges
3.4. Porter’s Five Forces’ Analysis
3.4.1.Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4.2.Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.4.3.Threat of New Entrant
3.4.4.Threat of Substitutes
3.4.5.Competitive Rivalry
3.5. Value Chain Analysis
3.6. COVID-19 Impact Assessment in Pressure Safety Valve Market
3.6.1.Impact Assessment on Global Pressure Safety Valve Market
3.6.2.Market Trends and Opportunities in the Covid-19 Landscape
3.7. Industry SWOT Analysis: Global Pressure Safety Valve Market
3.8. PESTLE Analysis: Global Pressure Safety Valve Market
Chapter 4. Competitive Landscape
4.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2023 and 2024)
4.2. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Concentration Rate
4.2.1.Pressure Safety Valve Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers
4.3. Competitive Environment, 2024
4.3.1.Player Competition Dashboard, 2024
4.3.2.Heat Map Analysis – Market Competition
4.3.3.Pyramid Analysis – Tier Wise Ranking
4.4. Strategic Framework
4.4.1.Partnership/Collaborations/Agreement
4.4.2.Expansion
4.4.3.Mergers & Acquisitions
4.4.4.New Product Development
Chapter 5. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
5.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Share, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
5.1.1.Conventional Safety Valves
5.1.1.1. Overview
5.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
5.1.2.Pilot-Operated Safety Valves
5.1.2.1. Overview
5.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
5.1.3.High-Performance Valves
5.1.3.1. Overview
5.1.3.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
5.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Type
Chapter 6. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
6.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Share, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
6.1.1.Low Pressure
6.1.1.1. Overview
6.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
6.1.2.Medium Pressure
6.1.2.1. Overview
6.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
6.1.3.High Pressure
6.1.3.1. Overview
6.1.3.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
6.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Pressure Range
Chapter 7. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Share, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.1.Manufacturing
7.1.1.1. Overview
7.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.2.Energy
7.1.2.1. Overview
7.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.3.Mining
7.1.3.1. Overview
7.1.3.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.4.Utilities
7.1.4.1. Overview
7.1.4.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.5.Automotive
7.1.5.1. Overview
7.1.5.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.1.6.Others
7.1.6.1. Overview
7.1.6.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
7.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by End-Use Industry
Chapter 8. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Share, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.1.Oil & Gas
8.1.1.1. Overview
8.1.1.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.2.Power Generation
8.1.2.1. Overview
8.1.2.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.3.Chemicals & Petrochemicals
8.1.3.1. Overview
8.1.3.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.4.Water & Wastewater
8.1.4.1. Overview
8.1.4.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.5.Pharmaceuticals
8.1.5.1. Overview
8.1.5.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.1.6.Others
8.1.6.1. Overview
8.1.6.2. Market Size and Projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
8.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Application
Chapter 9. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Geography, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
9.1. Global Pressure Safety Valve Market Share, By Geography, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
9.1.1.Market Size and Projections, by Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
9.1.2.Market Share and CAGR Comparison, by Countries, 2023 and 2030 (%)
9.2. Market Attractiveness Analysis, by Geography
Chapter 10. North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.1. Market size and projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.2. North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.3. North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.4. North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.1.5. North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.North America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.1. U.S. Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.1.1. U.S. Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.1.2. U.S. Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.1.3. U.S. Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.1.4. U.S. Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.2. Canada Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.2.1. Canada Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.2.2. Canada Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.2.3. Canada Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.2.4. Canada Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.3. Mexico Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.3.1. Mexico Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.3.2. Mexico Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.3.3. Mexico Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
10.2.3.4. Mexico Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
Chapter 11. Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.1. Market size and projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.2. Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.3. Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.4. Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.1.5. Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.1. Germany Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.1.1. Germany Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.1.2. Germany Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.1.3. Germany Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.1.4. Germany Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.2. France Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.2.1. France Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.2.2. France Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.2.3. France Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.2.4. France Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.3. UK Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.3.1. UK Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.3.2. UK Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.3.3. UK Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.3.4. UK Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.4. Italy Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.4.1. Italy Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.4.2. Italy Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.4.3. Italy Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.4.4. Italy Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.5. Russia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.5.1. Russia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.5.2. Russia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.5.3. Russia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.5.4. Russia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.6. Rest of Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.6.1. Rest of Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.6.2. Rest of Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.6.3. Rest of Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
11.2.6.4. Rest of Europe Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
Chapter 12. Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.1. Market size and projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.2. Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.3. Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.4. Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.1.5. Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.1. India Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.1.1. India Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.1.2. India Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.1.3. India Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.1.4. India Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.2. China Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.2.1. China Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.2.2. China Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.2.3. China Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.2.4. China Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.3. Japan Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.3.1. Japan Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.3.2. Japan Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.3.3. Japan Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.3.4. Japan Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.4. South Korea Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.4.1. South Korea Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.4.2. South Korea Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.4.3. South Korea Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.4.4. South Korea Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.5. Australia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.5.1. Australia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.5.2. Australia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.5.3. Australia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.5.4. Australia Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.6.1. Rest of Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.6.2. Rest of Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.6.3. Rest of Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
12.2.6.4. Rest of Asia Pacific Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
Chapter 13. South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.1. Market size and projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.2. South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.3. South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.4. South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.1.5. South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.1. Brazil Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.1.1. Brazil Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.1.2. Brazil Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.1.3. Brazil Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.1.4. Brazil Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.2. Argentina Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.2.1. Argentina Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.2.2. Argentina Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.2.3. Argentina Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.2.4. Argentina Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.3. Rest of South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.3.1. Rest of South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.3.2. Rest of South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.3.3. Rest of South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
13.2.3.4. Rest of South America Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
Chapter 14. Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.1. Market size and projections, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.2. Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.3. Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.4. Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.1.5. Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Countries, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.1. GCC Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.1.1. GCC Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.1.2. GCC Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.1.3. GCC Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.1.4. GCC Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.2. South Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.2.1. South Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.2.2. South Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.2.3. South Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.2.4. South Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.3.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Type, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.3.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Pressure Range, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.3.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By End-Use Industry, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
14.2.3.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa Pressure Safety Valve Market Overview, By Application, 2020 - 2032 (USD Billion)
Chapter 15. Key Vendor Analysis
15.1. Emerson Electric Co.*
15.1.1. Business Overview
15.1.2. Product Benchmarking
15.1.3. Financial Data
15.1.4. SWOT Analysis
15.1.5. Strategic Overview
15.1.6. Key Developments
*Similar sub-pointers will be included for rest of the companies listed below
15.2. GE Oil & Gas
15.3. Curtiss-Wright Corporation
15.4. Flowserve Corporation
15.5. Spirax Sarco Engineering
15.6. Alfa Laval AB
15.7. LESER GmbH & Co. KG
15.8. Velan Inc.
15.9. Baker Hughes Company
15.10.Weir Group PLC
15.11.KSB SE & Co. KGaA
15.12.CIRCOR International, Inc.
15.13.Parker Hannifin Corporation
15.14.Watts Water Technologies, Inc.
Chapter 16. Key Conclusions & Analyst Recommendations
Disclaimer
